Triboelectrostatic Separation Granular Waste-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Triboelectrostatic Separation Granular Waste? Answer: Introduction The report focuses on conducting a research associated with the generation of plastic wastes especially in the context of Australia. It aims in conducting research associated with the different techniques and processes associated with the management and disposal of plastic waste products while also in understanding the impacts generated by plastic wastes on the natural environment. Empirical research is focused on being conducted through study of journals and other online sources concerning the topic. Generation of Plastic Waste Products During 2014-15, it was estimated that the per capita generation of plastic waste products in Australia amounted to 2.5 metric tonnes. It was further reported that the level of generation of plastic wastes gained a reduction of 14 percent during the stated period(Blue Environment Pty. Ltd. , 2016). The same is reflected in the following illustration. (Blue Environment Pty. Ltd. , 2016) A statistics generated during 2016 reveals that the Australians on an average tend to use around 6.9 million of plastic bags on an annual basis. Moreover, around 36,700 tonnes of plastic bags are estimated to be dumped as landfills on an annual basis by Australians out of which only 10 percent are observed to be recyclable in nature. Further, in terms of use of bottled water it is estimated that around 373 million of plastic bottles used for storing water is taken to end up as waste products in the region(Ocean Crusaders , 2016). Plastic Waste Disposal Techniques Four different techniques are identified that contribute in effective disposal of plastic waste products along Australia and other offshore regions. In the first place, an easy way of disposing plastic waste products is by dumping the same in landfills. However, the process of dumping plastic wastes in landfills is considered to be unhygienic owing to grave mismanagement and also the decomposition of plastic into toxic constituents polluting the atmosphere. The second technique of disposal of plastic wastes is associated with incinerating the plastic wastes. Incineration of plastic wastes actively contributes to the generation of energy such that the plastics are plastics are derived as a by-product during generation of petroleum and natural gas. However again, the incineration of plastic wastes cause the release of toxic waste products into the natural environment thereby causing air and water pollution and similarly other types of health hazards(Wu et al., 2013). Recycling in the third place is considered one of the most effective ways concerning the disposal of plastic waste products. However, recycling to be effective requires the proper collection and also sorting of waste products made of plastics. The collection and sorting activities concerning plastics are needed to be carried out through the generation of recycled bins and other infrastructural facilities like allocation of waste collection trucks. Finally, the use of biodegradable plastics or such plastic products that tend to be decomposed based on the action of living organisms need to be effectively promoted along different regions. The same contributes in solving different issues concerning waste management of plastic wastes like disposable packaging wherein the same can be effectively segregated from other organic waste products. It is however argued that the technique associated with oxy-biodegradable plastic may tend to release different toxic metals and materials into the env ironment(Hadi et al., 2015). An effective waste disposal technique is being hypothesized that focuses on converting plastic waste products containing both of household and other commercial plastic wastes to fuel. The implementation of the waste disposal technique is taken to help in reducing the amount of plastic wastes by around 80 percent. It thus serves as an active and effective technique for the generation of fuel products and thereby helping in addressing the shortage of fuel resources in the region(Yong et al., 2015). Impact of Plastic Waste Products on Environment The generation of plastic waste products and its accumulation in oceans is recognised to be a serious environmental issue in Australia. Different types of plastic waste products like road markings, plastic tyres, paint products, fibres used in clothes, microbeads used in cosmetic products along with other types of non-biodegradable plastics tend to increasingly pollute the water resources thereby affecting the marine life(Blue Environment Pty. Ltd. , 2016). The growth in the level of microplastic sedimentation along the ocean bed of Australia has shocked a number of marine scientists in the region. The ocean bed of the south-east coastline of Australia reflects increased level of microplastic pollution. The Bicheno Beach based in Tasmania with also other regions like southern coast of Adelaide, Jervis and Port Philip Bay and also the Sydney Harbour reflected potential pollution on account of microplastic sedimentation(Pigram, 2017). A sample of microplastic sedimentation along the oc ean floor of Australia is reflected as follows. (Pigram, 2017) The sample collection made by marine researchers reflected that every millilitre of plastic and waste sedimentation contained about 3.4 microplastics. The increased level of microplastic segmentation was mainly accounted to be generated by the fragmentation of plastic products and also micro beads and fibres used in production of cosmetics and clothing respectively. The microplastic sedimentation is researched to be mainly generated by washing machines used in households which are then discharged or littered in to the oceans. The east coast of Bicheno based in Tasmania recorded presence of around 12 microplastic filaments along each millilitre of waste sediments. It is inferred by the researchers that the presence of such microplastic filaments along the ocean bed were harmful to marine life such that they can tend to ingest such products or get entangled in them(Pigram, 2017). It is further estimated that around 100,000 aquatic creatures die owing to getting entangled in plastic products like plastic bags and other microplastic fragments. More specifically, it is estimated that around 1 million sea birds suffer fatality owing to the plastic pollution in the oceans. Animals tend to die owing to plastic sedimentation in the ocean bed in that the plastic bags and other products take a longer time to disintegrate. It is estimated that plastics take a longer time of around 20 to 1000 years to completely disintegrate or decompose into other toxic chemicals and polymers that account for further toxicity and pollution of sea water(Ocean Crusaders , 2016). Reduction of Impacts of Plastic Waste on Environment Two companies, Replas and also the RED Group operating in Australia have taken significant steps for helping in the reduction of plastic waste products. These companies are identified to be key institutions that are involved in collecting and also processing of soft plastic packages. An estimate generated by the Plastics and Chemical Industries Association of Australia reflected that around 300,000 tonnes of plastic wastes are collected for recycling purposes on an annual basis. 50 percent of the total plastic wasted collected are sent to overseas for being recycled while 20 percent of the plastic wastes are indigenously processed to be made into pellets that are thereby outsourced to foreign markets(Waste Management Review , 2017). Different types of plastic products like co-mingled containers consisting of bottles and other juice containers, soft plastics like bubble wrappers, shopping bags, shrink wrappers and other hard plastic products like PET packaging and containers and other plastic creates are focused on being recycled by the recycling companies based in Australia. The soft plastic products and plastic bottles are focused on being baled while the harder plastic products are firstly processed and thereby converted into granules and pellets. These pellets are thereby transported for commercial uses to different manufacturing and production companies. The recycling of plastic products actively contributes in the development of pipes for irrigation purposes and also mobile bins for dumping of garbage(Suez, 2017). The same is reflected in the following illustration. (Suez, 2017) Reduction of use of plastic straws contributes in reducing the level of plastic wastage. Similarly, the retail companies are encouraged to reduce the level of consumption of nylon and polyester bags through the introduction of cloth bags made of cotton and the like. Further, use of reusable plastic bottles and cups also help in reduction of plastic wastage in the region. Similarly, the use of different types of plastic wares like that forks, spoons, knives and even chopsticks are increasingly restricted along different types of restaurants while customers are encouraged to both bring and use steel wares to the restaurants. Again, reusable containers are also largely being promoted to be used on a wider scale by the Australian consumers. Reusable bags like cotton bags are also promoted to be used as bins rather than the use of plastic bags and bins for dumping of wastes. Chewing gums are being increasingly restricted on being consumed by the Australian consumers such that the same con tain larger amount of plastics and other toxic products(Moss, 2015). The above initiatives are being continuously undertaken for helping in reducing the generation of plastic and plastic wastes. Conclusion The research conducted regarding plastic waste disposal ideally reflects on the present situation associated with the generation of plastic waste products in Australia. It also focuses on identifying the different techniques or processes concerning disposal of plastic wastes in the region with also documenting the impacts of generation and dumping of plastic wastes on the natural environment and the aquatic life. It is observed that the incidence of generation of plastic wastes affects both the quality and quantity of marine life amounting to large number of deaths of birds and animals. Further, research is also conducted on the process of reducing the impacts of plastic wastes on the natural environment and aquatic life. References Blue Environment Pty. Ltd. , 2016. Australian National Waste Report 2016. Ausstralia: Randell Environment Conulting. Hadi, P. et al., 2015. Waste printed circuit board recycling techniques and product utilisation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 283, pp.234-43. Moss, L., 2015. 16 simple ways to reduce plastic waste. [Online] Available at: https://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/responsible-living/stories/16-simple-ways-reduce-plastic-waste [Accessed 22 September 2017]. Ocean Crusaders , 2016. Plastic Statistics. [Online] Available at: https://oceancrusaders.org/plastic-crusades/plastic-statistics/ [Accessed 22 September 2017]. Pigram, S., 2017. Microplastic pollution of seafloor widespread along Australia's south-east coast, study finds. [Online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-14/plastic-waste-on-east-coast-seafloor-mapped/8706302 [Accessed 22 September 2017]. Suez, 2017. Plastic Recycling. [Online] Available at: https://www.sita.com.au/commercial-solutions/resource-recovery-recycling/plastic-polystyrene/ [Accessed 22 September 2017]. Waste Management Review , 2017. Two companies working to tackle plastic waste in Australia. [Online] Available at: https://wastemanagementreview.com.au/three-companies-working-tackle-plastic-waste-australia/ [Accessed 22 September 2017]. Wu, G., Li, J. Xu, Z., 2013. Triboelectrostatic separation for granular plastic waste recycling: A review. Waste Management , 33, pp.585-97. Yong, S.L., Ngadi, N., Abdullah, T.A.T. Inuwa, I.M., 2015. Current state and future prospects of plastic waste as source of fuel: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, pp.1167-80.

Our secret free essay sample

1. What do you make of Our Secret? When I first started to read â€Å"Our Secret,† I didn’t understand the relevance of what was in front of me. I didn’t understand the words she was using, or why she was using little quotes throughout the beginning of her essay. But as I continued reading, I came to understand that she was using quotes to not only relate her story to something else, but to also show the progression in realization that she had throughout the paper. What I also make of this essay is that it was made to put into words what everyone goes through. Obviously the way I experience things is different from Griffin, but the general idea of the way our world is made up is relatively the same. I think that by including different examples and relating them all together, it helped me to understand the reading better. We will write a custom essay sample on Our secret or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. How do you (did you) make something out of Our Secret? You make something out of â€Å"Our Secret† by writing in the margins while reading the essay. I think this would help because it helps you to go back and read the important things so you don’t have to go through the entire essay again. I made something out of it by doing that, but also reading certain sentences that seem important to what she is trying to get across, and it made me think of my own life and think of an example for how that is relevant to me. 3. What was your reading strategy for this essay, and how did it differ (or not) from the reading strategy that you usually employ? For this essay, being so long, I strategized to break it up into sections so that I wouldn’t have to sit forever reading the essay. This also helped me to read one section, and think about it, and then continue later. While going through the essay, I highlighted the things that I thought were important and that I could use later when I was writing my essay. When I saw a common theme to a certain paragraph, I wrote in the margins a point that I could come back to and think about when I needed to. This was different to how I usually read in that I had to break it up into sections because of the length. In all the other texts that I have read I have highlighted important sentences and wrote in the margins, so I didn’t really see a difference in reading strategies. 4. I asked you to read the assignment for Essay Two before you read Our Secret. How did this affect your reading? By doing this, it helped me to read the essay with the idea of the essay that I will have to right in the back of my mind. So, therefore while reading the essay, I looked for the format of what Griffin used, how she used it, and I looked for sentences that I could quote in my essay. I also found myself thinking of ideas for what my essay could be about. I thought that by reading it like this, I would have a better understanding of what I was going to do with my essay. 5. What might Rodriguez (and Freire and Appiah) have to say about this essay? I think that what Freire would say about this essay is that the Banking Concept of education was at play throughout this essay and that in some ways, it hurt the characters. Appiah would say that this essay did a good job of talking about values and identity of the characters that she talked about. There are some examples that she used that talked about the identity that they wanted, but never showed, like the boys who beat the other. Lastly, Rodriquez I think would disagree with this essay because he Griffin seems to have a different approach on life, other than Rodriquez who thought that his story what everyone else’s. Even thought Griffin does bring in things that make you think that her story is everyone’s story, that is not the case because she thinks that everyone has their own stories. 6. What do you make of the title? I think the title fits the essay well because I got the impressions that the essay was talking about how everyone has secrets, and she uses examples of some of them. She also brings in the emotion with secrets because she talks  about how people don’t want to tell others about their secrets, but when they do, they feel uncomfortable and vulnerable. I also like the title because she talks about the events and hardships that these people go through due to their secrets. 7. Answer the following in a few words: what is this essay about? This essay is about showing an individual’s life â€Å"makeup.† 8. Answer the following in a few words as well: what are Griffins methods? Her methods were comparison, examples, and realization. 9. In the essay, Griffin writes: The telling and the hearing of a story is not a simple act. How does Our Secret (and your experience with it so far) enact thisor not?  I think that Griffin’s essay does enact this because throughout her essay, she tells the story of different people and the things they have to go through, but then she hears what they are saying, and relates it back to herself, and almost has a realization of her own life. The way she said things seemed to be complex and very insightful, and by saying this, I think that it wasn’t a simple act. I think that I still need to go back through this essay and re-read the essay to get a better understanding of what is trying to be said. The first time, I think I got the main ideas down

Parents and children in Romeo and Juliet free essay sample

Wife Juliet is the daughter of Lord and Lady Capulet, a wealthy and well-respected family. Although young and members of opposing families in a long-standing feud, Juliet and Romeo fall instantly in love with each other, and marry in secret. Her parents remain unaware of their relationship, and are determined that she marries Paris; it is their hasty actions in bringing about the marriage to Paris against Juliet’s wishes that ultimately leads to the tragic death of the two young lovers. Lord Capulet and his wife are shown to care for Juliet, and at first it seems that Capulet is reluctant for her to leave the family home through marriage. He argues that Juliet â€Å"is yet a stranger in the world†; the word â€Å"stranger† shows that he feels she is too inexperienced to marry, and that she should perhaps be older and have had more life experience before marrying. This idea is continued when he encourages Paris to wait for â€Å"two more summers† to have passed â€Å"Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride†. We will write a custom essay sample on Parents and children in Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It might be that Capulet is not ready to let his only living child leave, and is trying to delay the inevitable. Also, the imagery that Shakespeare uses here could highlight the idea that Juliet would be expected to be pregnant very quickly once married, and that her body is only just biologically able to get pregnant. â€Å"Ripe† is usually used to refer to fruit, being ready to be eaten; in this case, Capulet is referring to her womb, perhaps, being able to bear children, which is reinforced when Paris tries to persuade Capulet by saying â€Å"Younger than she are happy mothers made†. Capulet shows, however, that Juliet is his priority as he is worried that she would be made miserable and spoiled by early motherhood: â€Å"too soon marred are those so early made†. This is different to Lady Capulet’s beliefs, as she encourages Juliet to marry as an indication of her social superiority: â€Å"Here in Verona, ladies of esteem,/Are made already mothers . † If Juliet delays getting married, in her mother’s eyes, it would be disapproved of, and maybe others would think there was perhaps something wrong with their daughter. She reminds Juliet that she â€Å"was your mother much upon these years†, so she feels that Juliet should follow in her footsteps, without thinking of Juliet’s best interest. Unlike Lord Capulet, she encourages Juliet to marry soon, but it could well be that based on his own experiences of marrying a woman who was very young, he recognises the damage it could do. I think that maybe Juliet’s mother changed once she was married, and Capulet perhaps regrets marrying her so young, which is why he doesn’t want Juliet to marry Paris.

Kuwait and France Sculpture Comparison

Objectives The main idea of this project is to consider the sculpture in Kuwait and France with the purpose to compare and contrast them referring to the cultural and religious significance of the items. Moreover, the main objective of this research is to consider the historical development of sculpture in France and the availability of the art schools in the country in comparison with relatively young development of sculpture art in Kuwait.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Kuwait’ and France’ Sculpture Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This information will help to reconsider the attitude of architects in Kuwait to sculpture and will assist in developing a program for improving the sculpture art in Kuwait. Synopsis The research is going to be directed at the development of sculpture in Kuwait and France from time perspective. Therefore, the historical development of the cultural sphere is going to be considered. Furthermore, the places for studying art in the countries are going to be considered as the main aspects which promote the development of sculpture in Kuwait and France. The financing of the spheres should be mentioned. The main public sculptures are to be considered from the point of view of aesthetic look and architectural characteristics. Background The literature review of some of the credible sources has already been conducted. Moreover, I have considered the Internet blogs and similar sources where people expressed their opinion in relation to sculpture in France and in Kuwait. I have also considered the pieces of sculpture in Kuwait and France that helped me understand the weaknesses of sculpture in Kuwait and the strength of sculpture in France. This information will help me direct my research in the necessary flow. Significance The research under consideration is important in many reasons. Firs of all, I will have an opportunity to consider the we aknesses of sculpture in Kuwait. Additionally, I will gain the experience of France in the development of sculpture as the art and I will be able to use this experience for further research directed at creating the program for improving the sculpture development in Kuwait.Advertising Looking for proposal on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methodology Comparison and contrast of the techniques used in Kuwait and France from the literature sources and consideration of the pieces of sculptures presented in Kuwait and France are going to be incorporated as the literature review methods. Having created a blog with presenting the pieces of French and Kuwait sculpture examples, the questionnaire is going to be created with the questions devoted to personal impression from the sculptures. The respondents will be given an opportunity to share their opinion about the professional performance of the sculptures and their vi sion of the changes which are to be made. The main responsibility of the researcher will be to gather the information and to analyse it from the perspective of the necessary attempts which are to be made to complete the offered changes. Resources The Internet should be used as the main resource for the completion of this research. Moreover, the literature sources are to be considered. I insist on reading the books by O’Shea and Spilling (2009) and DiPiazza (2006) for understanding the general condition of sculpture in Kuwait. The books by Levey (1995) and Eaton (2009) should be considered with the purpose to understand how sculpture developed in France, which stages were completed and at what stage the modern sculpture in Kuwait remains if to compare it with that of France. It is essential to compare and contrast the development of the French sculpture as it has a long history. Much may be said about the development of sculpture in this country, therefore, the artists from Ku wait may use the data about the history of French sculpture as the stages for personal development (Millard 1975). Before creating the questionnaire it is essential to consider such blogs as ‘Public Sculpture in Kuwait’ (2009) and ‘FRENCH SCULPTURE’ (1997) for better understanding modern trends in sculpture in these two countries. Work plan Further selection of the sources should be continued. Moreover, two pieces of sculptures should be selected for presenting in blogs. The links to the created blogs may be shared through the social network and other possible blogs which may help increase the attendance of the online questionnaire (their duration should be about 3 months).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Kuwait’ and France’ Sculpture Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Then, the data should be analyzed and the necessary conclusions are to be drawn about the nat ure of the changes which must be made in Kuwait. I am going to attend several museums where the sculptures of some architects are presented. I will search for the works of the masters who lived and worked in Kuwait. I will also consider the Internet exhibitions of the French sculptors to have a better vision of the technologies used in that country. The analysis of the schools of art in France and Kuwait should be completed with the purpose to consider the potential of these two counties. The analysis should be noted and the data is to be presented in the form of tables and discussions. Reference List DiPiazza, FD 2006, Kuwait in Pictures, Twenty-First Century Books, New York. Eaton, DC 2009, A Handbook of Modern French Sculpture, Lightning Source Incorporated, New York. ‘FRENCH SCULPTURE’ 1997, Discover France. Web. Levey, SM 1995, Painting and Sculpture in France 1700-1789, Yale University Press, Yale. Millard, CW 1975, ‘Sculpture and Theory in Nineteenth Centur y France’, Journal of Aesthetics Art Criticism, vol. 34, iss. 1, pp. 15-21.Advertising Looking for proposal on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More O’Shea, M Spilling, M 2009, Kuwait, Marshall Cavendish, Tarrytown. ‘Public Sculpture in Kuwait’ 2009, Kuwait School ­. Web. This proposal on Kuwait’ and France’ Sculpture Comparison was written and submitted by user Gabriella Becker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample of Toullmin Essay

Sample of Toullmin EssayA sample of Toullmin essay is the first stage in the correct process of attaining a good educational qualification. In the past, this stage has been somewhat neglected as students did not submit personal details or information about themselves. However, the presence of numerous online educational websites now allows students to submit a student profile, which includes their personal information and essay samples.The sample of Toullmin essay should be of high quality and contain information about yourself that clearly describes your work habits, achievements, and interests. In the example above, the student shows his dedication and commitment to learning by describing his academic achievements and his life plans, and he talks about the development of his hobbies. This is all well and good, but for students with learning disabilities, the process becomes a lot harder as the sample essay needs to deal with the academic aspects of learning and life.The Toullmin sa mple essay must give some idea of how you deal with books, examinations, papers, teachers, classmates, and other students. The essay should include academic facts that will help students in class, and those which will help you with your future careers and academic growth. The sample Toullmin essay must also contain your personal side by telling what you are like as a person and what you will do with your life. By submitting a sample of Toullmin essay, students will be aware of the essential parts of an academic essay and they will be more motivated to complete their studies.Although the main purpose of a sample of Toullmin essay is to provide you with information on what students with learning disabilities need to know, students who are going through difficult educational phases may also be able to get a lot from a sample of Toullmin essay. Students who have difficulty learning may be unable to write clearly and accurately, but the Toullmin sample can teach them how to do so. Studen ts who have difficulty understanding basic concepts or who find writing very difficult can use this sample to find out what they are supposed to say in their academic essays. Students who are afraid to ask questions at school can also get a lot from the sample, as it is their way of trying to ask questions and finding out how things are done at school.Students are taught by the media, books, and professors that the process of writing an essay, or reading one, is an arduous and boring task. However, the introduction of online sources of educational resources has given students access to a variety of topics and methods of teaching and learning that can help students with different learning disabilities to attain a degree, and they have also encouraged students to give more importance to their written essays than previous generations have done.For students who are struggling to obtain their grades, they are given extra attention. They are given instruction about the grading system, inc luding all the factors that will affect their grades. If a student receives a high mark from a teacher or professor, he can tell his classmates that he did well in class and can also explain why he got the mark. To find out whether a student needs a copy of the Toullmin sample, he may look at the subject heading of the website and click on the 'Contact Us' link to find out if the site can send him a sample of Toullmin essay.With the online facility of libraries, students have easy access to academic resources. If a student with a learning disability is interested in writing an essay and giving his classmates an idea of how he has studied, a sample of Toullmin essay will be helpful.

AIDS Essay Example

Current Event on HIV/AIDS Essay Example Current Event on HIV/AIDS Paper Current Event on HIV/AIDS Paper Essay Topic: Current The article that I have chosen is: â€Å"WHO advocates circumcision to curb new HIV cases The practice would best serve males in sub-Saharan Africa, researchers say. † By Jia-Rui Chong (Times Staff Writer), Dated March 29, 2007. (Quoted). The article speaks of one of the latest finding related to HIV/AIDS involving male circumcision. The WHO recommends it as a one of its main strategies to help prevent HIV/AIDS spread in Africa. The WHO claims that this new finding and execution of it as a strategy in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS during sexual intercourse in men could save millions of lives in Africa. Male circumcision is widely being performed in the Northern African regions, and is less frequently performed in the Southern and the Eastern African regions. The WHO feels that the if it was more widely performed, it could help to prevent in the transmission of HIV/AIDS and save millions of lives. The Director of the WHO’s HIV/AIDS Department Kevin De Cock, feels this could be utilized as an additional intervention in countries where the prevalence of HIV/IDS was high and where circumcision was appropriate. This could effectively reduce the risk of transmission of HIV/AIDS in heterosexual men. In many parts of Africa, male circumcision is performed to lower extents nowadays, and if these were increased, it would help in reducing the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Initially, when HIV/AIDS was began to spread in Africa, it was observed that men who had undergone circumcision had less frequently transmitted or developed the infection, than those who were not circumcised (BBC-Health. 2007). However, these earlier observations were unconfirmed, and only through recent trials have they been established. The risk of HIV/AIDS spread reducing after conducting male circumcision is well-documented. According to the CDC, the foreskin present on the penis is less keratinized and a greater number of Langerhans cells are present (specific cells that are targeted by the HIV virus). During sexual intercourse, the foreskin is at a greater risk of undergoing damage, and so the risk of transmitting HIV/AIDS increases. The environment existing in the area between the glans penis and the unretracted skin is such that viruses could easily survive. Besides, several individuals having ulcerated STD’s (including syphilis) have greater risk of transmitting and acquiring the disease in case the penis is not circumscribed. A clinical trial conducted in Africa to demonstrate the benefits of male circumcision on HIV/AIDS demonstrated that circumcision not only reduced the risk for transmission of HIV/AIDS but also other ulcerated STD’s. Clinical trials have also demonstrated that the spread of HIV/AIDS decreased from an infected male to a normal female, especially when the viral load was low (CDC. 2007). The WHO feels that male circumcision could help prevent the transmission of about 5. 3 million new cases of HIV infection, and reduce fatalities in about 3 million people over the next 20 years. In the year 2006, about 270, 000 new cases of HIV had developed. The Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, feels that several strategies such as condom use, determining the HIV status of the sex partner, etc, could be used along with male circumcision in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Circumcision was to be introduced free of cost to targeted males by individual nations. Dr. Mark R. Dybul, the US global HIV/AIDS coordinator, said that the US would support male circumcision as a strategy in preventing the transmission of HIV/AIDS. However, the WHO expressed some amount of caution over this new finding, as men would experience a false sense of complete protection. The transmission of HIV/AIDS could not be completely stopped by using male circumcision. The transmission rates reduced by 48 to 60 %, and should not be perceived as 100 % (BBC-Health. 2007). Another study conduced in males in Kenya, South Africa and Uganda, demonstrated that risk of HIV/AIDS transmission reduced by about 60 %. Hence, the WHO advocates that men should continue using other strategies such as condom usage and questioning their sex partner of the HIV/AIDS status. The WHO and the UN had a meeting in Monteaux, Switzerland, to discuss these finding of male circumcision and the manner in which it could be utilized in the prevention of HIV/AIDS. Dr. Maria J. Wawer, who works as a Research Associate at the John Hopkins University and who also contributed in the Uganda trial, is very excited about the findings achieved through these Trials. She compares the results obtained through these trials to that of inventing a Vaccine for HIV/AIDS. She feels that the public enthusiasm would be high when a vaccine for HIV was obtained, and hence, the public should be happy about male circumcision. Dr. Maria J. Wawer, also feels that this could be used as a cost-effective strategy in preventing the transmission of HIV/AIDS. During the trial, it costs about 69 US dollars for one male to undergo circumcision. The cost was high during this period, as the additional tests were performed by the researchers and surgeons were utilized to perform the procedure. Dr. Wawer feels that in the future nurses could be trained to conduct the procedure and reduce the costs of male circumcision. The author of this article Jia-Rui Chong has given his email address for any doubts and clarifications. The credentials of the author have not been mentioned, but his position at the LA Times has been mentioned. The article is a recent one, and the findings of this article have been confirmed through the websites of reputed organizations (such as BBC Health and CDC). Reference: The Article Jia-Rui Chong.‘WHO advocates circumcision to curb new HIV cases The practice would best serve males in sub-Saharan Africa, researchers say. † Los Angeles Times 31 Mar. 2007. latimes. com/news/science/la-sci-circumcision29mar29,1,1793948. story? ctrack=1cset=true Others – BBC Health. â€Å"WHO agrees HIV circumcision plan. † BBC NEWS 31 Mar. 2007. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/health/6502855. stm CDC (2007). â€Å"Male Circumcision and Risk for HIV Transmission: Implications for the United States. † 2007. CDC-HIV/AIDS 31 Mar. 2007. cdc. gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/circumcision. htm

Personal Law Essay on Hate Crimes

Personal Law Essay on Hate Crimes Free Online Research Papers The first amendment of the United States Constitution states that, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† The only argument to this amendment nowadays is what words are and aren’t classified in these two categories. The new law, under the Historic Hate Crimes Legislation signed by governor George E. Pataki in July of 2000, defines a hate crime being committed when a person intentionally commits a specified offense, such as intimidation, violence, assault, kidnapping, arson murder, or other crimes, against an individual because of his or her race, color, national origin, ancestry, gender, age, disability, religion or religious practice or sexual orientation. Also addressed in this legislation are the penalties for committing a hate crime, which can be enhanced now. However, the enhancement law only applies to criminal acts such as selecting a victim to commit a crime towards. It does not apply to cases dealing with speech or actions, otherwise known as â€Å"hate speech†, because they are protected by the first amendment. While someone is guilty if he or she performs one of the specified offenses above, this law also insures that only people who are found truly motivated by hatred will be prosecuted. This is an important part of the law to enforce because if the defendant and the victim are two different races it doesn’t automatically mean the crime was committed through hatred. The prosecutor would be able to find the defendant guilty if they had evidence such as the defendant would have committed the same crime to the next person of the discriminated race, among other things. This information is crucial because an easy way for certain people of a discriminated race to get a quick settlement is by simply filing that a hate crime was committed against them and twisting the story of what really happened. Convictions go as far as the crime committed does. There are no special penalties or punishments for committing hate crimes. In some states there are reform groups such as the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s JOLT (Juvenile Offenders Learning Tolerance) Program. Since a high percentage of hate crimes are committed by teenagers and younger people, this program focuses on intervening with youths that have engaged in bias-motivated misconduct or low-level hate crimes. Programs like JOLT are productive, strategic ways to teach the young people of America the evils of hate crimes before it’s too late. It is proven that teenagers tried as adults and sent to prison have a much higher chance of recommitting their crimes than teenagers who are put in juvenile delinquency centers and programs. Although there aren’t any specific punishments for hate crimes, the government is cracking down and taking them completely serious now; especially with the sentencing of convicted offenders, hoping to send a message to others, who think about committing hate crimes, that they won’t just get a slap on the wrist anymore. Research Papers on Personal Law Essay on Hate CrimesCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and