AIDS Essay Example

Current Event on HIV/AIDS Essay Example Current Event on HIV/AIDS Paper Current Event on HIV/AIDS Paper Essay Topic: Current The article that I have chosen is: â€Å"WHO advocates circumcision to curb new HIV cases The practice would best serve males in sub-Saharan Africa, researchers say. † By Jia-Rui Chong (Times Staff Writer), Dated March 29, 2007. (Quoted). The article speaks of one of the latest finding related to HIV/AIDS involving male circumcision. The WHO recommends it as a one of its main strategies to help prevent HIV/AIDS spread in Africa. The WHO claims that this new finding and execution of it as a strategy in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS during sexual intercourse in men could save millions of lives in Africa. Male circumcision is widely being performed in the Northern African regions, and is less frequently performed in the Southern and the Eastern African regions. The WHO feels that the if it was more widely performed, it could help to prevent in the transmission of HIV/AIDS and save millions of lives. The Director of the WHO’s HIV/AIDS Department Kevin De Cock, feels this could be utilized as an additional intervention in countries where the prevalence of HIV/IDS was high and where circumcision was appropriate. This could effectively reduce the risk of transmission of HIV/AIDS in heterosexual men. In many parts of Africa, male circumcision is performed to lower extents nowadays, and if these were increased, it would help in reducing the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Initially, when HIV/AIDS was began to spread in Africa, it was observed that men who had undergone circumcision had less frequently transmitted or developed the infection, than those who were not circumcised (BBC-Health. 2007). However, these earlier observations were unconfirmed, and only through recent trials have they been established. The risk of HIV/AIDS spread reducing after conducting male circumcision is well-documented. According to the CDC, the foreskin present on the penis is less keratinized and a greater number of Langerhans cells are present (specific cells that are targeted by the HIV virus). During sexual intercourse, the foreskin is at a greater risk of undergoing damage, and so the risk of transmitting HIV/AIDS increases. The environment existing in the area between the glans penis and the unretracted skin is such that viruses could easily survive. Besides, several individuals having ulcerated STD’s (including syphilis) have greater risk of transmitting and acquiring the disease in case the penis is not circumscribed. A clinical trial conducted in Africa to demonstrate the benefits of male circumcision on HIV/AIDS demonstrated that circumcision not only reduced the risk for transmission of HIV/AIDS but also other ulcerated STD’s. Clinical trials have also demonstrated that the spread of HIV/AIDS decreased from an infected male to a normal female, especially when the viral load was low (CDC. 2007). The WHO feels that male circumcision could help prevent the transmission of about 5. 3 million new cases of HIV infection, and reduce fatalities in about 3 million people over the next 20 years. In the year 2006, about 270, 000 new cases of HIV had developed. The Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, feels that several strategies such as condom use, determining the HIV status of the sex partner, etc, could be used along with male circumcision in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Circumcision was to be introduced free of cost to targeted males by individual nations. Dr. Mark R. Dybul, the US global HIV/AIDS coordinator, said that the US would support male circumcision as a strategy in preventing the transmission of HIV/AIDS. However, the WHO expressed some amount of caution over this new finding, as men would experience a false sense of complete protection. The transmission of HIV/AIDS could not be completely stopped by using male circumcision. The transmission rates reduced by 48 to 60 %, and should not be perceived as 100 % (BBC-Health. 2007). Another study conduced in males in Kenya, South Africa and Uganda, demonstrated that risk of HIV/AIDS transmission reduced by about 60 %. Hence, the WHO advocates that men should continue using other strategies such as condom usage and questioning their sex partner of the HIV/AIDS status. The WHO and the UN had a meeting in Monteaux, Switzerland, to discuss these finding of male circumcision and the manner in which it could be utilized in the prevention of HIV/AIDS. Dr. Maria J. Wawer, who works as a Research Associate at the John Hopkins University and who also contributed in the Uganda trial, is very excited about the findings achieved through these Trials. She compares the results obtained through these trials to that of inventing a Vaccine for HIV/AIDS. She feels that the public enthusiasm would be high when a vaccine for HIV was obtained, and hence, the public should be happy about male circumcision. Dr. Maria J. Wawer, also feels that this could be used as a cost-effective strategy in preventing the transmission of HIV/AIDS. During the trial, it costs about 69 US dollars for one male to undergo circumcision. The cost was high during this period, as the additional tests were performed by the researchers and surgeons were utilized to perform the procedure. Dr. Wawer feels that in the future nurses could be trained to conduct the procedure and reduce the costs of male circumcision. The author of this article Jia-Rui Chong has given his email address for any doubts and clarifications. The credentials of the author have not been mentioned, but his position at the LA Times has been mentioned. The article is a recent one, and the findings of this article have been confirmed through the websites of reputed organizations (such as BBC Health and CDC). Reference: The Article Jia-Rui Chong.‘WHO advocates circumcision to curb new HIV cases The practice would best serve males in sub-Saharan Africa, researchers say. † Los Angeles Times 31 Mar. 2007. latimes. com/news/science/la-sci-circumcision29mar29,1,1793948. story? ctrack=1cset=true Others – BBC Health. â€Å"WHO agrees HIV circumcision plan. † BBC NEWS 31 Mar. 2007. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/health/6502855. stm CDC (2007). â€Å"Male Circumcision and Risk for HIV Transmission: Implications for the United States. † 2007. CDC-HIV/AIDS 31 Mar. 2007. cdc. gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/circumcision. htm

Personal Law Essay on Hate Crimes

Personal Law Essay on Hate Crimes Free Online Research Papers The first amendment of the United States Constitution states that, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† The only argument to this amendment nowadays is what words are and aren’t classified in these two categories. The new law, under the Historic Hate Crimes Legislation signed by governor George E. Pataki in July of 2000, defines a hate crime being committed when a person intentionally commits a specified offense, such as intimidation, violence, assault, kidnapping, arson murder, or other crimes, against an individual because of his or her race, color, national origin, ancestry, gender, age, disability, religion or religious practice or sexual orientation. Also addressed in this legislation are the penalties for committing a hate crime, which can be enhanced now. However, the enhancement law only applies to criminal acts such as selecting a victim to commit a crime towards. It does not apply to cases dealing with speech or actions, otherwise known as â€Å"hate speech†, because they are protected by the first amendment. While someone is guilty if he or she performs one of the specified offenses above, this law also insures that only people who are found truly motivated by hatred will be prosecuted. This is an important part of the law to enforce because if the defendant and the victim are two different races it doesn’t automatically mean the crime was committed through hatred. The prosecutor would be able to find the defendant guilty if they had evidence such as the defendant would have committed the same crime to the next person of the discriminated race, among other things. This information is crucial because an easy way for certain people of a discriminated race to get a quick settlement is by simply filing that a hate crime was committed against them and twisting the story of what really happened. Convictions go as far as the crime committed does. There are no special penalties or punishments for committing hate crimes. In some states there are reform groups such as the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s JOLT (Juvenile Offenders Learning Tolerance) Program. Since a high percentage of hate crimes are committed by teenagers and younger people, this program focuses on intervening with youths that have engaged in bias-motivated misconduct or low-level hate crimes. Programs like JOLT are productive, strategic ways to teach the young people of America the evils of hate crimes before it’s too late. It is proven that teenagers tried as adults and sent to prison have a much higher chance of recommitting their crimes than teenagers who are put in juvenile delinquency centers and programs. Although there aren’t any specific punishments for hate crimes, the government is cracking down and taking them completely serious now; especially with the sentencing of convicted offenders, hoping to send a message to others, who think about committing hate crimes, that they won’t just get a slap on the wrist anymore. Research Papers on Personal Law Essay on Hate CrimesCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Crime scene in the novel and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime scene in the novel and film - Essay Example of the said author that deals with important political and social issues such as terrorism, anarchism and the events that can be related to such issues. The main point of view of the said novel is mainly on the side of the antagonistic character in a society mainly on the basis of the perception that it presents on the people involved with the act of terrorism and other criminal dealings. Based on the experience brought about by the novel, it can be considered that in cases of extreme belief in certain philosophies, people are capable of crimes and actions that the norms can consider as evil. The nature of human being then can be considered highly complex and cannot be boxed through cultural and moral standards. The main character of the story represents a normal person with a family which often has conflicts regarding different aspects of life. Basically, one of the highlight of the character’s life is regarding the peers with similar point of view specifically anarchists who rooted for revolution using unconventional actions. Although this is the case, the wife of the main character depicted the capability if a person to hurt another which can also considered as an act of terrorism and anarchy specifically when she had killed her husband. The representation presented by Conrad reflects the human nature that is outside the stereotypical view. That includes the focus on the irony of perceptions on the weakness of the women in the society; the limitations in the harm one human can do to another regardless of relationship; and that capacity to do crime is not limited to the distraught and the people without morality. Crimes can be committed regardless of culture, norms and character of a person. The novel The Great Gatsby is another notable published work by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It is a representation of the American society after the WWI. The novel represents the conflicts occurring in the society due to different factors that are interplaying. One

Developing Hospitality Tourism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Developing Hospitality Tourism - Case Study Example And while the competitors made fun of Arison by offering "Mardi Gras on the Rock" drinks aboard their ships, Carnival added two more former liners to its fleet. In 1981 the company's first newbuild, Tropicale, entered service, which was the beginning of a story of a tremendous and unparalleled success: from 1981 to late 2001, Carnival put into service 18 new ships, with five more on order until 2004. Today the world's largest cruise line, Carnival offers the well-known and extremely popular "Fun Ship" concept with colourful interiors and non-stop action around the clock. Once considered to be the "party boat" cruise line for the 20-something crowd, Carnival has been undergoing an image overhaul in recent years. Carnival's newer ships reflect a main-stream dcor that is less glitzy than the older ships. However, Carnival's "Fun Ship" moniker lives on and there is plenty of fun to be had. On this cruise line, one will find something for every one of all ages. There is a great kids program "Camp Carnival" makes Carnival Cruisesa favourite for families on travel. Carnival also puts a lot of work into their entertainment style on board. The Las Vegas-style shows produced by Carnival's ... You are sure to find many lounges and bars on a Carnival Cruises ship with a variety of quality musical acts. In fact, it is safe to say that boredom will never be experienced on a Carnival ship, unless choosing to be. While the quality of food on Carnival has improved over the past few years, the portions and number of dinner courses have been reduced. Nevertheless, the options for dining are numerous and will satiate every appetite on a Carnival Cruise. Generally, the food is average to good with one exception; the new Spirit class ships have an upscale restaurant that got the Best Award for Alternate Dining in the Cruise Lines Competition within the industry. A. Issues with product portfolio As a segment of the travel industry, ship transportation is considered one of the oldest forms of travel, yet cruise ships are considered to be the "new kid on the travel block." In a real sense cruise ship companies are more in the entertainment business than in pure transportation. Whereas ships still provide "destination to destination" travel, cruise ships are veritable "floating hotels" featuring recreation and sports facilities, aerobic dance classes, and visits to ports of call. Because of the vast ports catering to cruise ships today, this paper focused its study on the changes of cruise ships and services in the ports of the United States and Canada and the tourists market that helped shaped the cruise services in the area. This thrust in the cruise ship style of service which caters to entertainment primarily and to travel secondly, makes it safe to assume that cruise services with Carnival Cruise Lines is highly profitable because: - Only a few people benefit from cruise ship tourism. Those that have

Benchmarking productivity in the hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benchmarking productivity in the hospital - Essay Example The study of how best to sustain safety in the workplace should also be undertaken. In our survey, first, we identified a number of key benchmarks. These included the number of nurses attending to a full time physician as well as the number of patients allocated to every nurse. Questions were then developed for these benchmarks and organized categorically. In this staffing, demographics and expenses categories, the easiest questions would be answered first. Participants were informed that they did not have to answer all questions. Respondents, who came from the in and out patient population, were quizzed as to the number of drug administration services and examination practices had been given by nurses between specified visits to the hospital. Given by way of questionnaire, responses were received from 73 patients (20%). Of these, 15 were new mothers, 34 were oncology cases and 24 were admitted patients recovering from communicable diseases. Results showed that established patient visits per nurse were 5. Nurses commonly split their duties between the maternity ward and the pediatric ward. They also performed other administrative duties such as signing in patients as the hospital had not yet located a receptionist. Admitted patients were also asked to indicate the number of chairs and other furniture in their rooms. The number of initial drug administration codes was calculated by the number of full time nurses. It was then multiplied by the number of days during the month in which this study was carried out. Patients per full time nurse per working day, including those who did not have serious injuries, ranged from 3.7 to 8.1. The results of this study indicate that nurses though slightly strained in attempts to cater for the large volume of patients, the majority of whom had minor injuries, were adjusting favorably to the increased requirements of the populace. It does show an indication of

Goerge Bernad Shaw's Pygmalion Term Papaer Essay

Goerge Bernad Shaw's Pygmalion Term Papaer - Essay Example Even belonging to the middle stratum of society, Shaw was the torch-bearer for the cause of the poor and suppressed section of society, and studied socialism as the philosophy that aimed to diminish social injustice and inequality from society. It is therefore the ray of class conflict and exploitation of the proletariat at the hands of the bourgeoisie can be felt in almost all his writings and plays. He was a highly learned and intellectual person, and contained both seriousness and burlesque attitude while entering into social interaction with others as well as while creative a piece of literature. He applied his sense of humor and irony in all his plays, to address the faults and shortcomings prevailing in society, which present the most sublime precedent of satire in the modern drama. Like all other works produced by Shaw, his masterpiece under the title â€Å"Pygmalion† is also a true example of satire that reveals the hypocritical and dual standards have been introduced and implemented by the individuals belonging to elite class of society. He worked for the cause of socialism with great fervor and enthusiasm and wholeheartedly condemned capitalism by stating it a system that widens the gulf between haves and haves-not. â€Å"In his pamphlets George Bernard Shaw argued in favor of equality of income and advocated the equitable division of land and capital. Shaw believed that "property was theft" and believed like Karl Marx that capitalism was deeply flawed and was unlikely to last.† (Retrieved from spartacus.schoolnet) Based on the social behaviors and attitude observed by the people come out of leisure class of society, the great playwright has successfully analyzed the mentality of the rich individuals while treating the lower classes. By analyzing the history of the globe, it becomes obvious that almost all human societies have been observing

Mike Tyson Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mike Tyson - Research Paper Example He lived in the Bedford-Stuveyesant district of Brooklyn but his family experienced tremendous hardship in this area which eventuated a move to the Brownsville region. Tyson was a poor student and struggled in his daily life. This was only compounded by the death of his mother when Tyson was sixteen years old. This event had a tremendous impact on Tysons personal and professional life and it eventually led to his involvement in boxing. He would later say, â€Å""I never saw my mother happy with me and proud of me for doing something: She only knew me as being a wild kid running the streets, coming home with new clothes that she knew I didnt pay for. I never got a chance to talk to her or know about her. Professionally, it has no effect, but its crushing emotionally and personally" (Heller, pg. 79). During this period Tyson became involved with boxing trainer Cus DAmato who would work with Tyson and hone his boxing skills in the amateur ranks. This relationship would come to be a str ong bond that would result in DAmato becoming Tysons eventual legal guardian. Its also been argued that later in life the loss of DAmato would have a tremendous adverse impact on Tysons direction and professional career. After the death of Tysons mother he became increasingly involved with juvenile delinquency and fighting. Its been noted by a number of researchers that Tysons first fight was with another individual who had killed one of his prized birds (OConnor). This juxtaposition of Tysons ferocious side with an almost childlike and sensitive innocence have become a recurrent narrative throughout Tysons life. Tyson also experienced a great amount of conflict that is related to the rather unique, high-pitched voice, as children would oftentimes tease him resulting in furthered shows of aggression. Eventually Tyson was sent to the Tryon School for Boys juvenile detention center, where he was discovered by a former boxer that would